However, only dried coffee beans are produced from this village. This village has potency on coffee production. Lebakpicung is energy self-sufficient village based on microhydro. reduce community activities for reaching the forest.

For the areas closed to national park, the development of the productive economy is important because it can. Energy self-sufficient village is also as sociated with the development of the productive economy. P>Development of energy self-sufficient village based on the local resources is purposed to reduce the poverty, to create the job opportunities as well as to substitute the fossil fuels. Police reform tailored to border areas is needed. Programs that support access to capital, business support, networking, and knowledge around border procedures and promote strong associations to voice the specific needs of small scale traders with government have positive impacts. Simplifying and reducing formal border procedures, reducing tariffs, information desks and complaints mechanisms need to be improved to enhance access and accountability. Government reforms like the One Stop Border Post, need to be better tailored to the specific, gendered needs of small-scale cross border traders. Associations, civil society and the platforms, both informal and formal, by which traders voice concern and confront government officials, as well as how traders choose between formal and informal pathways and how these pathways interact require more attention. We found research is increasingly drawing on diversifying inter-disciplinary methods and focusing on individual trader behaviours, networks, interactions with state actors and, increasingly, on gendered dynamics more work might focus on state actors especially the police and what determines how bribes function and their levels. The aim is to synthesize and assess the current state of knowledge, highlight progress and gaps, and assess the potential of anti-corruption programs to address the needs of traders.Ī systematic literature review with supplementary interviews with traders and policy actors. This article critically and systematically reviews a growing literature on small-scale cross-border trade, corruption and gender. Based on current research, we ask which anti-corruption interventions tend to work to improve the conditions of these traders? Small-scale cross-border trade is critically important to livelihoods and food security in East Africa, but bribes, harassment and violence remain a serious problem.

Contraband coffee